Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services

Distribution system operators face a challenging environment marked by increased decentralization, digitalization, and the decarbonization of transport heating sectors. In particular, integration large numbers electric vehicles (EVs) will pose challenges for distribution grid operation planning. However, EVs also open opportunity to offer flexibility services different actors in electricity using smart charging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. This work reviewed scientific literature key European demonstrator projects on proactive into grids. The main technical, economic, regulatory, user-related aspects were analyzed associated barriers identified. There is broad technical feasibility EV provision coordination schemes, which has as well been proved projects, even though required technologies V2G (bidirectional chargers, communication protocols) are not yet widespread. On other hand, economic institutional, largely due lack regulatory frameworks value at level thus uncertainty these services. this four possible (grid codes, connection agreements, tariffs market platforms) use level, their implementations with fleets projects.